- das berufliche Verhalten von Anwälten - jedenfalls in öffentlichen Gerichtsverhandlungen - ist von öffentlichem Interesse;
- Journalisten dürfen berichten, was sie im Gerichtssaal mit eigenen Augen und Ohren gesehen und gehört haben, auch wenn es im Protokoll der Verhandlung dann anders steht.
Das war allerdings nicht (oder nicht ganz) richtig; Dr. A beschwerte sich heftig, und schon am darauffolgenden Tag brachte die Times eine Entschuldigung und erklärte, dass es keine "contempt of court"-Verurteilung gegeben habe. Tatsächlich hattte das Gericht in einer Entscheidung vom 20. Juni 1995 "nur" festgehalten, dass das Verhalten des Dr. A an Missachtung des Gerichts grenzte ("verged on contempt of the court"); im Protokoll der Verhandlung fand sich dazu nichts.
Aber konnte man das Missverständnis der Gerichtsberichterstatterin wirklich vorwerfen? Sogar der Ankläger hatte nämlich - wie er im nachfolgenden, von Dr. A angestrengten Rufschädigungsverfahren aussagte - verstanden, dass Dr. A der Missachtung des Gerichts für schuldig befunden worden sei:
"The prosecutor related that he had tried to keep the magistrate calm and was nearly found guilty of contempt himself because he was playing defence lawyer. [...] He had also understood, at that moment, that the magistrate found Dr A. to be in contempt of court because he did not appear. The prosecutor reiterated that, at that moment, the magistrate was very angry and that he understood that he had found Dr A. guilty of contempt. When asked whether the impugned article reflected what really went on in the court room, the prosecutor replied 'effectively it reflects what happened in court in short'."Dennoch wurden der verantwortliche Redakteur, die Gerichtsberichterstatterin und der Drucker der Zeitung verurteilt (Schadenersatz wegen Rufschädigung von insgesamt etwa € 720).
Vor dem EGMR war nicht strittig, dass ein gesetzlich vorgesehener Eingriff in das Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung vorlag, der auch ein legitimes Ziel - Schutz des guten Rufs anderer - verfolgte. Der Eingriff war allerdings, wie der EGMR einstimmig entschied, in einer demokratischen Gesellschaft nicht notwendig und verletzte die Beschwerdeführer daher in ihrem Recht auf freie Meinungsäußerung nach Art 10 EMRK.
In seinem Urteil stellte der EGMR zunächst knapp seine einschlägige Rechtsprechung dar (im Wesentlichen: public watchdog-Funktion der Presse [zB Bladet Tromsø], aber auch Verpflichtung von Journalisten zu verlässlicher und präziser Information in Übereinstimmung mit journalistischer Berufsethik [zB Fressoz und Roire]; erforderliche besondere Rechtfertigung, bevor von einer Verifizierung von Tatsachenmeldungen abgesehen werden kann [McVicar]). Nachdem er noch festhält, dass das berufliche Verhalten von Anwälten, jedenfalls in öffentlichen Gerichtsverhandlungen, von öffentlichem Interesse ist (Nr. 46), führt der EGMR in der Sache aus:
"47. [...] The Court notes that the second applicant drew her conclusion from what she had seen and heard, namely the statements of the magistrate during the court proceedings, which it has not been disputed were chaotic. [...] Moreover, two individuals present in the court room heard, independently of each other, the magistrate find Dr A. to be in contempt of court. Indeed, the prosecutor present in the same courtroom confirmed the second applicant's version on oath during the defamation proceedings. More importantly, during the defamation proceedings not a single witness was produced to assert that the magistrate had not found Dr A. to be in contempt of court. [...] Indeed, all the evidence heard, apart from the court record, clearly suggested that Dr A. had been found to be in contempt of court.
48. In the instant case, the record of the proceedings did not mention that Dr A. was found to be in contempt of court. Records of proceedings are usually brief minutes of the res gestae, and [...] they do not contain a detailed record of all that takes place during proceedings. Thus, while such record is certainly important for the purposes of a court case, it cannot be considered the sole source of truth for other purposes, including court reporting. To limit court reporting to facts reproduced in the records of proceedings, and to bar reports based on what a journalist has heard and seen with his or her own eyes and ears, as corroborated by others, would be an unacceptable restriction of freedom of expression and the free flow of information.[...]
49. In the present case, the Court attaches importance to the fact that, even if not reflected in the record of the proceedings, the second applicant's contention that the magistrate had found Dr A to be in contempt of court was expressly confirmed by the evidence of the prosecutor in the bigamy case, who stated that the second applicant's article was a true summary of what had occurred at the hearing. The Court is struck by the fact that, although this evidence was plainly relevant and came from an independent eye-witness to the events in question, little or no attention appears to have been paid to it by the Civil Court in the defamation proceedings. [...]
50. Moreover, the Court finds no reason to doubt the second applicant's account that she attempted to verify her perception of what had taken place in the court room [...]. For the Court, such a course of action would be entirely in line with best journalistic practices. In the circumstances of the present case, the second applicant could not reasonably have been expected to take any further steps, especially since news is a perishable commodity and to delay its publication, even for a short period, may well deprive it of all its value and interest [...].
The Court further notes that the applicants published an apology [...] two days [nach meiner Zählung nur einen Tag] after the publication of the impugned article. Bearing in mind these considerations, the Court finds that the second applicant had at all times acted in good faith and in accordance with her duty of responsible reporting [...]. [Hervorhebung hinzugefügt]
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